Format for Footnotes, Endnotes, and HeadnotesĪlthough the format for footnotes and endnotes is almost similar, there are specific rules depending on the journal where the paper is submitted.
Because tables and figures should be able to “stand alone” without the main text, headnotes should always be used. Headnotes are used to define acronyms used, units of measure, significance, etc. They are placed below the table itself or just below the figure title and typed in a font size that is smaller than the main text (e.g., 8- or 10-point font). In academic writing, headnotes are explanatory notes included with tables and figures. Headnotes are used as introductions in legal documents or as summaries of the text that follows them. The format is the same as that for footnotes. Endnotes, as footnotes, are numerically noted in superscript. In many cases, the book publisher decides the best placement. In books, they can be placed after each chapter or at the end of the book. EndnotesĮndnotes are much the same as footnotes except that they are placed at the end your research paper instead of at the bottom of a page. Ibid is short for the Latin “ ibidem”, which means “in the same place.” This format was previously used in most printed text but rarely used now. Some older journals use “ ibid” instead of a shortened version of the reference. When citing the same reference again, the footnote can be shortened as follows:
The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 623. The format of footnotes is fairly standard (see below for specific rules) and is the same as that for references as follows:Īdrian Johns.
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